Fig. 3
The EV-let-7a-5p predominantly induces differentiation of human M2-like macrophages, not M1-like macrophages. A Flow cytometry data illustrating the M2-like macrophage populations expressing CD206 marker following a 7-day treatment with EV-let-7a-5p (1 × 109 particles/mL). B Quantifying the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD163 and CD206 by EV-let-7a-5p. C EV-let-7a-5p improved the release of IL-10 in M2-like macrophages, as assessed through ELISA. D A representative flow cytometry dot plot illustrated the expression of iNOS and HLA-DR in human M1 macrophages after treatment with EV-let-7a-5p, with LPS and IFN-γ treatment as positive controls. Quantification of the induction of iNOS+HLA-DR+ cell populations by EV-let-7a-5p. E–G The effect of EV-let-7a-5p on TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β production in M1-like macrophages evaluated through ELISA, revealing no significant changes. The results are representative of n = 3 biologically independent experiments. Statistical analysis used one-way ANOVA analysis of variance, indicating significance (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ns = non-significant) for comparisons between treatment groups and either M2/M1 skewing or other specified groups