Table 1 Modified biomaterials attempted to promote nerve regeneration.
Biomaterials | Modification/Method of fabrication | Improved Properties | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
Star-Poly(ethylene glycol) | Incorporation of polysaccharide (Heparin) | Tunable physical and mechanical properties to adopt specific tissue requirements | [62] |
Chitosan | Modified with (γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) | Mechanical strength | [63] |
Poly(sialic acid) | Hydrogel modified with adsorbed poly-L-lysine or poly-L-ornithine or laminin or collagen | Mechano compatibility; Cell adhesive property | [64] |
Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) | Sheets impregnated with extracellular matrix molecules | Cell adhesion and proliferation | [65] |
Poly(ε-caprolactone) | Electrospinning and Thermal fiber bonding | Mechanical strength | [66] |
Poly(ε-caprolactone) | Aligned fibers by Electrospinning | Contact guidance | [67] |
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) | Modified immersion precipitation method | Selective permeability; Hydrophilicity | [68] |
Poly(D, L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) [PDLLA/CL] | PPy coating substrate and PPy nanoparticle/PDLLA/CL composite | Electrical cue for multitude of cell functions | [69] |
Chitosan | Polylysine-functionalised thermoresponsive chitosan hydrogel | Injectable scaffold; Mechano compatibility; Surface property (wettability, charge density) | [70] |
Poly(ε-caprolactone) | Electrospinning (Polymer blending with collagen) | Biological property (schwann cell adhesion, migration and differentiation) | [71] |
Collagen | Hydrogel crosslinked with YIGSR peptide modified dendrimers | Biological function (promote the growth of corneal epithelial cells and neurite outgrowth) | [72] |
Poly(glycerol-sebacate) | Replica molding | Micropatterned substrates; Flexibility; Surface degradable; Strong contact guidance response | [73] |
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) | Microbraiding method | Flexibility; Porosity | [75] |
Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) | Low pressure injection molding | Porosity; Longitudinally aligned channels; Mimics the geometry of native nerves | [76] |
Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) | Fiber templating technique | Oriented scaffold; Physical characteristics similar to soft tissue. | [77] |
Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) | Liquid-liquid centrifugal casting | Mechanical property similar to spinal cord | [78] |