Figure 4

Oxidative Glutamate (Glu) Toxicity Increases Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Cellular ROS Levels: Inhibition by Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI). A: HT-22 cells were treated as indicated, followed by JC-1 staining to reveal the mitochondrial membrane potential. B: HT-22 cells were treated for 8 hr with 5 mM glutamate or 5 mM glutamate plus 50 nM DPI. Cellular ROS levels were then measured with flow cytometry using CM-H₂DCFDA and MitoSOX red. *: Significantly different from glutamate-treated cells by paired Student's t-test (p < 0.05). C: Phase contrast images of HT-22 cells treated with glutamate or glutamate plus DPI.