A maternal low protein diet has pronounced effects on mitochondrial gene expression in offspring liver and skeletal muscle; protective effect of taurine

Table 3 Analysis of gene set over-representation in liver newborn mice.

Category	Count	Ease	% Rescued	Taurine	Average fold change
Category	Count	score	% Rescued	score	NP	NP+tau	LP	LP+tau
All genes	2012	na	30%	na	1	0.96	0.95	0.96
KEGG pathway analysis	620	na	31%	na	1	0.97	1.02	1.01
Oxidative phosphorylation	42	1.56E-06	43%	0.125	1	1.06	1.44	1.21
Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation	17	3.13E-03	24%	0.604	1	1.04	1.47	1.27
Lysine degradation	17	4.12E-03	41%	0.428	1	1.02	1.40	1.24
Butanoate metabolism	15	2.04E-02	27%	1	1	0.99	1.16	1.19
Limonene and pinene degradation	10	2.06E-02	20%	0.732	1	0.98	1.15	1.14
Panther biological pathways	1965	na	30%	na	1	0.96	0.95	0.96
Fatty acid metabolism	122	7.90E-05	40%	0.027	1	0.95	0.86	0.94
Protein disulfide-isomerase reaction	90	1.16E-04	29%	0.907	1	0.99	1.04	1.01
Oxidative phosphorylation	175	1.63E-03	28%	0.606	1	0.94	0.97	0.97
Immunity and defense	171	2.34E-03	30%	1	1	0.99	0.86	0.95
Carbohydrate metabolism	86	4.54E-03	32%	0.722	1	0.97	1.07	1.05
GO cellular component	1627	na	30%	na	1	0.96	0.95	0.96
mitochondrion	209	4.71E-11	37%	0.057	1	1.03	1.29	1.13
Cytoplasm	866	4.53E-08	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Intracellular part	1231	2.51E-07	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
mitochondrial inner membrane	68	1.21E-06	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
organelle inner membrane	69	3.63E-06	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd

Genes found to have their expression level significantly changed in liver in newborn mice subjected to a maternal low protein diet compared to a normal diet were examined for over-representation of specific gene sets as described. The top 5 most significant over-represented gene sets are shown. Count) Total number of genes in analysis. Ease score) a modified fishers exact test describing the probability of gene set enrichment. % Rescued) Amount of rescued or partially rescued genes (see table 2 and materials and methods) in percent of count. Taurine score) Fishers exact test examining if taurine preferentially rescued the gene set compared to the rescue effect seen in all genes examined in the parent geneset. Average fold change) Means of fold change for the 4 diet groups per gene set in regard to NP. NP) normal protein (20% casein) or LP) low protein (8% casein) during pregnancy, tau) 1% taurine supplementation in the drinking water during pregnancy. na) not applicable. nd) not determined. Table reprinted with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [52]

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