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Figure 3 | Journal of Biomedical Science

Figure 3

From: Dual regulation by ethanol of the inhibitory effects of ketamine on spinal NMDA-induced pressor responses in rats

Figure 3

(a) Representative recordings of changes in blood pressure induced by an intrathecal injection of NMDA (2 nmol) and the changes in NMDA-induced pressor effects at 10 and 40 min after an intravenous injection of ethanol (EtOH, 0.025 g) immediately followed by ketamine (2 mg/kg, left panel; 4 mg/kg, right panel). (b) Bar graphs show percentage changes in NMDA-induced increases in MAP at 10 min and 40 min after intravenous injection of ethanol (0.025 g) alone, ketamine alone (2 mg/kg, left; 4 mg/kg, right), and ethanol (0.025 g) immediately followed by ketamine (2 mg/kg, left; 4 mg/kg, right). The peak magnitude of NMDA-induced increase in MAP immediately prior to application of ethanol and/or ketamine is taken as control (100%). (c) Similar to (b) except that higher dose (0.16 g) of ethanol was injected. *P < 0.05 versus ethanol or ketamine alone group analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-test.

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