Table 3 List of oxidative stress biomarkers and their methods of detection
From: Oxidative stress and its biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus
Free radicals and reactive species | Markers/probes and detection methods | ||
|---|---|---|---|
ROS/RNS | Direct measurement | ROS | 1. Electron spin resonance (ERS) – Spectroscopy method |
2. Fluorescence (2′,7′ dichlorofluorescein) - Flow cytometry/spectroflurometry | |||
RNS | 1. Ion electrode method | ||
Indirect measurement | Lipid | 1. Malondialdehyde (MDA) – colorometric, flurometric, ELISA, HPLC | |
2. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) - colorimetric, flurometric | |||
3. 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) – GC- MS, HPLC | |||
4. F2 isoprostanes (8-iso-PGF2) – colorimetric, flurometric, ELISA | |||
5. Lipid hydroperoxidation - Hexanoyl - Lys adduct (HEL) - ELISA, HPLC | |||
6. Oxidized low density Lipoprotein – HPLC, ELISA | |||
Protein | 1. Carbonyl – colorometric, ELISA | ||
2. 3-nitrotyrosine - GC-MS, HPLC, ELISA | |||
3. Protein Thiol - colorimetric, ELISA | |||
DNA | 1. 8-Hydroxy-2′deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) - HPLC, LC, MC, ELISA | ||
2. DNA Break - comet assay, flow cytometry | |||
Antioxidant | Antioxidant enzyme activity | Super oxide dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase, Catalase, Glutathione reductase, Xanthine oxidase- ELISA, colorimetric method | |
Glutathione - HPLC, colorimetric/flurometric method | |||
Antioxidant non-enzymes | Ascorbic acid, α tocopherol, β carotene, Lycopene – colorimetric Zinc, Selenium, Mn, Cu, Fe – Flame Photometrry | ||
Antioxidant capacity | 1. Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) – colorimetric method | ||
2. Triolox Equivalent antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) – colorimetric method | |||
3. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) – colorimetric method | |||
4. Asymmetric Dimethylarginie (ADMA) – colorimetric method | |||