Figure 1

Palmitate induces INS-1 cells lipotoxicity in a time-concentration dependent fashion. INS-1 cells were treated with 0.25% BSA, 0.5% BSA, 1.0% BSA, 0.25 mM palmitate/0.25% BSA (0.25 mM PA), 0.5 mM PA or 1.0 mM PA in medium without serum. (A) After the treatments for the times indicated on the X-axis, cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 assay. The figure shows representative results of three independent experiments. The given values are mean ± SD of at least five duplicate wells. **P < 0.01; ^§P < 0.001 vs. control (BSA groups). (B - C) After the treatments for 48 h, the cells were stained with Annexin V and PI and assessed by flow cytometry. B shows the percentage of apoptosis. Data are mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ^§P < 0.001 vs. control (BSA groups). C shows the representative result of INS-1 cells apoptosis and necrosis (1% BSA vs. 1 mM PA).