Biomarkers of severe dengue disease – a review

Table 1 Biomarkers of severe dengue disease

Class	Biomarker		Change	Reference
1. Immune activation markers	Cells	Plasmacytoid dendritic cells	Decrease	14
		Lymphocytes	Decrease	18, 20
		Platelets	Decrease	18, 32, 33
	Cytokines	IL-10	Increase	32, 40, 44
	Cytokines	MIF	Increase	39, 45
	Chemokines	CXCL-10	Increase	46
	Complements	C3a, C5a	Increase	48, 49
	Soluble receptors	sCD4/8, sIL-2R, sTNFRII	Increase	53
	Proteases	Tryptase and chymase	Increase	28
2. Endothelial activation markers	Mediators of endothelial	Angiopoietin-1	Decrease	60
	function	Angiopoietin-2	Increase	60
	Coagulation pathway	von Willebrand factor	Increase	63
	components	ADAMTS-13	Decrease	63
	components	sThrombomodulin	Increase	64, 65
	Cell surface adhesion molecules	sICAM, sVCAM	Increase	20, 66, 67
	Permeability mediators	VEGF, VEGFRI	Increase	28, 69
		VEGFRII	Decrease	28, 69
3. Biochemical markers	Lipids	Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL	Decrease	70
	LPS	LPB, CD14	Increase	38
	Liver enzymes	AST, ALT	Increase	32, 33, 71
	Serine protease	IaIp	Decrease	73
	Other soluble substances	Nitric oxide	Decrease	33, 75
4. Genetic markers	Gene profile	Certain gene expression	Decrease	77–79
4. Genetic markers	Circulating cell free-DNA		Increase	81

ISSN: 1423-0127