Fig. 5

Reactive Oxygen Species is a potential mediator for the protective effect of autophagy. a Measurement of the ROS production in THP-1 macrophage foam cells of different groups using flow cytometry; (b) Confocal reflectance microscopy of formaldehyde-fixed frozen-section aortic roots from Western diet-fed control, rapa, and 3-MA treated ApoE−/− mice. Reflectance images for a representative area of the aortic root are shown in B-i, −ii, and −iii, and quantified by using the IPP image analysis software. Values are given as mean ± standard deviation of the mean (n = 3). *P < 0.05 versus the control