Fig. 3

Tamoxifen-induced autophagy is mediated through endoplasmic reticulum stress and AMPK/mTOR signaling. MDA-MB-231 cells were incubated with 5 μM tamoxifen for 12, 24 and 48 h. Cells were then harvested and lysed for the detection of a GRP78 and c p-AMPK, AMPK, p-mTOR, mTOR and β-actin. b MDA-MB-231 cells were in the presence of tamoxifen (5 μM), salubrnal (5 μM) and/or ISP-1(10 μM) for 48 h followed by analysis of LC3 expression by western blotting