Table 1 Biomimetic approaches for biomineralization/osseointegration and key information gathered
From: Biomimetic approaches with smart interfaces for bone regeneration
Biomimetic Substrate/Approaches for biomineralization and osseointegration/osteogenesis | Key information | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | Synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) and its composites | â–ª Electrostatic interaction of the HAP surface with the calcium and the phosphate ions | [105] |
2 | Bioglass and Bioglass-calcium phosphate composites | â–ª Carbonate apatite layer formation â–ª Good osteointegration both in vitro and in vivo | |
3 | U HMWPE, Biodegradable starch/ethylene vinyl alcohol blend, PU foams | â–ª Formation of continuous and adherent Ca-P â–ª layer on the surface â–ª Needle-like crystals formed cauliflower like morphology | [110] |
4 | Surface functionalization by phosphorylation â–ª Bamboo [117] â–ª Chitosan [118] â–ª Poly (HEMA-co-MMA) [119] â–ª PVA [121] â–ª Regenerated Cellulose [122] | â–ª increased number of nuclear sites and apatite formation â–ª Nucleation and porous HAP coating â–ª Direct bone bonding and elicited new bone formation â–ª promotes in vitro biomineralization and in vitro cell adhesion â–ª Increased surface roughness and leads to better binding of Calcium ions | [117] [118] [119] [121] [122] |
5 | ▪ Surface modification Polyethersulphone ▪ PMMA (ATP coupling) Electrospun PCL - gelatin | ▪ Promotes nucleation and growth of calcium phosphate ▪ Uniform apatite layer formation upto 20 μm thickness | [120] |
6 | RGD and BMP integrated polymer matrices | â–ª Structural integrity modulation and aligned biomineralization â–ª Enhance bone specific marker protein expression and thereby mineralization | [65] [127] |
6 | Biodegradable Polymer Composites â–ª Viscose cellulose sponge â–ª Starch/ethylene vinyl alcohol blend (SEVA-C) â–ª Gelatin-poly(acrylic acid) matrix â–ª poly(lactide-co-glycolide) | â–ª Compatible for tissue in-growth â–ª Attractive as scaffold for bone tissue engineering â–ª Promotes cell adhesion â–ª Feasibility of orientation by stretching | |
7 | â–ª Titanium metal â–ª Polished and gritted Titanium (Ti6Al4V) | â–ª NaOH and heat treatment generates amorphous sodium titanate on the metal and induces bonelike apatite layer | |
8 | Stem Cell based approaches | â–ª In vivo osteogenesis â–ª Promising source for bone tissue engineering | [142] |