PPARs modulate cardiac metabolism and mitochondrial function in diabetes

Table 1 Altered cardiac metabolism in diabetes

Alteration of cardiac metabolism	Mechanism
Changes in fuel preference [19–21]	Increases fatty acid β-oxidation
Changes in fuel preference [19–21]	Decreases glucose oxidation
Defect in glucose utilization [19, 20, 22]	Reduces GLUT4 expression and translocation
	High fatty acid oxidation suppresses PFK1 through accumulation of citrate in the cytosol
	High fatty acid oxidation inhibits PDH through activation of PDK
Alterations in fatty acid utilization [13, 14, 19, 20]	Increases the expression of fatty acid transporters
Alterations in fatty acid utilization [13, 14, 19, 20]	PPAR-α activation promotes the expressions of genes that regulate fatty acid β-oxidation

GLUT4, glucose transporter type 4; PFK1, phosphofructokinase 1; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PDK, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase

ISSN: 1423-0127