PPARs modulate cardiac metabolism and mitochondrial function in diabetes

Table 2 Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α agonists on mitochondria

PPAR-α agonists	Effects on mitochondria
Potential beneficial effects
Fenofibrate [54, 55, 56, 58]	Stimulates mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation
	Improves mitochondrial oxidative capacity
	Reduces mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization and apoptosis
	Upregulates mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2
Gemfibrozil [57, 56]	Reduces mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization and apoptosis
Gemfibrozil [57, 56]	Modulates mitochondrial biogenesis and apoptosis
WY-14,643 [58]	Upregulates mitochondrial uncoupling protein two
Ureido-fibrate-5 [53]	Induces mitochondrial CPT I expression
Ureido-fibrate-5 [53]	Stimulates mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation
Possible harmful effects
Fenofibrate [59]	Inhibits mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I activity
WY-14,643, Gemfibrozil [60, 61]	Induces the mitochondrial permeability transition

ISSN: 1423-0127