PPARs modulate cardiac metabolism and mitochondrial function in diabetes

Table 3 Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonists on mitochondria

PPAR-γ agonists	Effects on mitochondria
Potential beneficial effects
Rosiglitazone [65, 67, 68, 73, 74]	Upregulates expressions of mitochondrial respiratory complex I ~ IV genes
	Increases the relative number of mitochondria
	Maintains mitochondrial potential to promote cell survival
	Regulates mitochondrial pyruvate import
Pioglitazone [66, 73–75]	Increases the mitochondrial DNA copy number
	Increases mitochondrial biogenesis
	Increase genes involved in the fatty acid oxidation
	Regulates mitochondrial pyruvate import
	Controls maximal mitochondrial respiratory rates
Possible harmful effects
Troglitazone, Rosiglitazone, and Pioglitazone [69, 70]	Alters mitochondrial respiratory function
	Changes membrane permeability
	Damages the mitochondrial structure
	Inhibits mitochondrial complex I activity and cell respiration

ISSN: 1423-0127