Crossroads between peripheral atherosclerosis, western-type diet and skeletal muscle pathophysiology: emphasis on apolipoprotein E deficiency and peripheral arterial disease

Table 3 Overview of skeletal muscle deficits in intermittent claudication (IC) and critical limb ischemia (CLI)

Mild to Moderate Disease (IC)	Severe Disease - Critical Limb Ischemia
Oxidative stress mainly in type II fibres [6]	Oxidative stress in all fibre types [6, 27, 280]
↔/↓ capillary density, ↓ ABI (0.5–0.8) [154, 163, 288]	↓↓ ABI (<0.4) [141]
↓ mitochondrial volume [163]	Mitochondriopathy [141]
↑ TGFβ1, desmin accumulation [150, 191]	↑↑ TGFβ1, collagen [133, 191]
↔/↓ myofibre CSA [10, 163]	Fibrosis, Fat accumulation, different myofibre sizes but ↓↓ CSA [27]

Abbreviations and Symbols: ABI Ankle-Brachial Index, CLI Critical Limb Ischemia, CSA Cross Sectional Area, IC Intermittent Claudication, TGFβ-1 Transforming Growth Factor beta 1; ↑ increase, ↓ decrease, ↔ no change

ISSN: 1423-0127