Table 4 Experimental evidence with manifestations of atherosclerosis in skeletal muscle

[195]

♂ ApoE^-/-, Ldlr^-/- and WT (20wks); ND

↑ arterial pressure& Insulin resistance in Ldlr^-/-; ↔ endothelial vasodilation and VSMC reactivity in skeletal muscle arterioles; ↓ NO bioavailability in ApoE^-/-

[194]

♂ ApoE^-/-, Ldlr^-/- and WT (12–13 and 22–23 wks); ND

↓ capillary density in gastrocnemius of ApoE^--/- from 12wks and in Ldlr^-/- from 22wks; ↑ plasma oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in ApoE^-/- and Ldlr^-/-; ↑ wall:lumen ratio in Ldlr^-/-

[198]

♂ ApoE^-/- and WT (18wks);

HFD (21% w/w) or ND for 12wks

↓ inflammation in AT and skeletal muscle of ApoE^-/- HFD; ↓ Akt phosphorylation in AT and skeletal muscle of WT HFD; ↑ crown like structures in WT HFD; ↓ dietary lipid incorporation in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver in ApoE^-/- HFD; No oxidative stress in adipose tissue; ↑ TGs in skeletal muscle of WT HFD

[199]

♂ ApoE^-/- and WT (16wks); HFD (60% v/v fat) or ND for 9wks

↑ H₂O₂ in liver and muscle of ApoE^-/- ND and HFD; ↑ H₂O₂ in AT of ApoE^-/- HFD; ↑ IL-6 in adipose tissue of WT HFD and ApoE^-/-; ↑ TNFα of WT HFD and ApoE^-/- HFD; ↑ crown like structures in adipocytes of ApoE^-/- HFD

[215]

♀ ApoE^-/- (8-10months); Femoral artery ligation; ND

Hyperaemic response to treadmill exercise similar to human studies on PAD

[211]

ApoE^-/- (19-21wks); Iliac artery ligation; ND

↓ blood flow in the ischemic hindlimbs; ↑ capillarisation only in quadriceps; ↑ fibre atrophy; ↑ of glucose uptake and pro-inflammatory macrophages and T cells at early ischemic stages

[217]

♀ ApoE^-/- and WT (8-10months); Hindlimb ischemia; ND

↓ myogenin levels in 7d post and ↑ MCP-1 levels at 14d post ischemia/reperfusion in ApoE^-/; Delayed skeletal muscle regeneration

[218]

♂ and ♀ ApoE^-/- and WT (18-26wks); Notexin injury; ND

↑ fat lipid deposition and calcification; ↓ fibre size; Delayed skeletal muscle regeneration

[216]

♀ ApoE^-/- and WT (16-8wks); ND for WT and WD (1.25% cholesterol, 15% w/w fat) in ApoE^-/- for 10wks; Hindlimb ischemia (removal of femoral artery and all major collateral branches) and subsequent treatment for 21d with miR-150 mimic peptide

↓ blood perfusion in ApoE^-/- vs WT that improved with the miR-150 peptide; ↑ ambulatory impairment in ApoE^-/- vs WT that decreased with the miR-150 peptide; ↓ capillary density in ApoE^-/- vs WT that improved with the miR-150 peptide; ↓ number and functional activities of PACs in ApoE^-/- vs WT that improved with the miR-150 peptide

[221]

♀ Ldlr^-/- (22wks) and ApoE^-/- (36wks); Hindlimb ischemia (double ligation of femoral artery) and subsequent treatment with IFNAR1 Mab or IgG isotype (control); WD (16% w/w fat, 0.15% cholesterol) in Ldlr^-/- for 8wks and for 24wks in ApoE^-/-

↑ hindlimb perfusion restoration in Ldlr^-/- treated with IFNAR1 Mab vs Ldlr^-/-; ↔ capillary density in Ldlr^-/- treated with IFNAR1 Mab vs Ldlr^-/-; ↔ atherosclerotic burden and lesion characteristics in Ldlr^-/- treated with IFNAR1 Mab vs Ldlr^-/-; ↑ hindlimb perfusion restoration in ApoE^-/-treated with IFNAR1 Mab vs ApoE^-/-; ↓ number of arterioles in ligated limb of ApoE^-/- treated with IFNAR1 Mab and ApoE^-/- vs sham side of ApoE^-/- treated with IFNAR1 Mab and ApoE^-/- respectively; ↔ atherosclerotic burden and lesion characteristics in ApoE^-/- treated with IFNAR1 Mab vs ApoE^-/-

[220]

♂ Ldlr^-/-, Ldlr^-/-/CCR7^-/-, WT (8-12wks); Hindlimb ischemia with electrocoagulation of femoral artery

Blood flow recovery at 7d for WT, at 10d for LDLR^-/- and in Ldlr^-/-/CCR7^-/- was not fully recovered after 21d; ↔ number of dendritic cells and T lymphocytes in spleen, lymph nodes and blood in Ldlr^-/- vs WT

[219]

♂ Ldlr^-/- and WT (18wks); WT on ND and Ldlr^-/- on HFD (15.1% fat, 1.25% cholesterol) for 12wks; Iliac and femoral artery ligation at 18wks; Subsequent treatment with heparin, bFGF, heparin and bFGF or no treatment for 4wks

Blood flow of ischemic limb: ↑ in heparin treated, ↑↑ in bFGF treated and ↑↑ in bFGF plus heparin in WT vs WT not treated and in Ldlr^-/-: ↔ in heparin, in bFGF and not treated vs ↑ in bFGF plus heparin; Blood perfusion in ischemic limb: ↓ in not treated Ldlr^-/- vs WT not treated; Mature vessels of ischemic limb: ↑ in heparin treated, ↑ in bFGF treated, ↑ in bFGF plus heparin in WT vs WT not treated and Ldlr^-/- : ↑ in heparin, ↑ in bFGF and ↑↑ bFGF plus heparin vs Ldlr^-/-not treated