Drug/dietary constituent | Effects/relevant mechanisms | Nature of the study |
---|---|---|
ω-3 PUFAs (EPA) | AMPK/eNOS pathway ↑ | In vitro study on primary HUVECs [18] |
iNOS ↓ | ||
EC apoptosis, Caspase-3, | ||
p53/MAPK, Bax ↓ | ||
NADPH oxidase/ROS ↓ | ||
NF-κB activation ↓ | ||
Astragalus membranaceus | NO ↑ | |
Endothelium-dependent | ||
vasodilation ↑ | ||
NF-κB ↓ | ||
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | Oxidative stress ↓ | In vitro study on primary HUVECs [131] |
NF-κB activation and adhesion | ||
molecules ↓ | ||
Nrf2/EpRE pathway ↑ | ||
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (Nifedipine and amlodipine) | Forearm blood flow responses to | Clinical trial [128] |
ACh ↑ | ||
Leucocyte activation ↓ | ||
Oxidative stress ↓ | In vitro monocytic cells [128] | |
NF-κB ↓ | ||
TNF-α, IL-6 ↓ | In vitro study on HUVECs [131] | |
IKKβ/NF-κβ phosphorylation ↓ | ||
IRS-1 phosphorylation ↓ | ||
NO production ↑ | ||
L-carnitine | Endothelium-dependent leg blood flow ↑ | Clinical trial [107] |
Losartan | Vasodilation ↑ | Clinical study [139] |
eNOS activity ↑ | ||
IRS-1 phosphorylation ↓ | Study on rats [139] | |
Olive oil polyphenols | eNOS activity ↑ | In vitro study on ECV304 cells [102] |
ET-1 ↓ | ||
Perindopril | Vasodilation ↑ | Clinical study [141] |
Salidroside | eNOS activation, NO production ↑ | In vivo study on HFD-fed ApoE−/−mice [106] |
AMPK/PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway, | ||
Cellular AMP/ATP ratio ↑ | ||
Atherosclerotic lesion ↓ | ||
Withaferin A | ROS, TNF-α, IL-6 ↓ | In vitro study on primary HUVECs [129] |
IKKβ/NF-κβ phosphorylation ↓ | ||
IRS-1 phosphorylation ↓ | ||
PI3K signaling ↑ | ||
ET-1, PAI-1 ↓ | Ex vivo study on rat aortic rings [129] | |
Endothelium-mediated vasodilation ↑ |