Fig. 4

BAIBA stimulates fatty acid oxidation through AMPK signaling. Intracellular acetyl-CoA (a) and ATP levels (b) in scramble or AMPKsiRNA transfected differentiated 3 T3-L1 cells treated with 10 μg/ml LPS and BAIBA (0–30 μM) for 10 days. c LCAD expression levels in intact human primary adipocytes treated with 10 μg/ml LPS and BAIBA (0–30 μM) for 10 days and compound C (10 μM) for 24 h. Western blot analysis of ACC phosphorylation (d) and CPT1 expression (e) in differentiated 3 T3-L1 cells treated with 10 μg/ml LPS and BAIBA (0–30 μM) for 10 days. Means ± SEM were obtained from three separated experiments. ^***P < 0.001 when compared to the insulin treatment.^!!!P < 0.001,^!!P < 0.01, and^!P < 0.05 when compared to the insulin plus LPS treatment. ^###P < 0.001, ^##P < 0.01, and ^#P < 0.05 when compared to the insulin, LPS plus BAIBA treatment