Table 3 The H. pylori virulence factors associated with peptic ulcer disease
From: The impacts of H. pylori virulence factors on the development of gastroduodenal diseases
| Region | Virulence factor (High risk marker) | Odds ratio | Analytic method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| East Asia | ≥ 2 copies of EPIYA-C motifs of CagA increases DU risk (vs. 1 copy) | 2.3 | DNA sequencing | [30] |
| Southeast Asia | cagA-genopositive | 2.8 | PCR | [58] |
| vacA m1 (vs. m2) | 1.5 | PCR | [58] | |
| Middle East | vacA s1 (vs. s2) | 3.1 | PCR | [36] |
| vacA m1 (vs. m2) | 1.8 | PCR | [36] | |
| Asia | dupA-genopositive increases DU risk | 1.6 | PCR | [63] |
| Western countries | cagA+ (vs. cagA-) | 1.7 | PCR or Immunoblot | [20] |
| vacA s1 (vs. s2) | 1.7 | PCR | [59] | |
| vacA s1/m1 (vs. s2/m2) | 2.0 | PCR | [20] | |
| babA2-genopositive | 2.1 | PCR | [45] | |
| BabA-L (vs. BabA-negative) | 54.8 | Immunoblot | [46] | |
| BabA-H (vs. BabA-negative) | 19.8 | Immunoblot | [46] | |
| dupA cluster positive increases DU risk | 2.1 | PCR | [66] | |
| iceA1-genopositive | 1.3 | PCR | [70] | |
| oipA “on” (vs. oipA “off”) | 4.0 | DNA sequencing or immunoblot | [74] |