Table 1 Key features of tumor xenograft models for ESCC research
From: Tumor xenograft animal models for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Tumor xenograft models | Key features |
|---|---|
Subcutaneous | Advantages |
• easy to establish • low cost • palpable tumor for easy tumor size measurement | |
| Â | Limitation |
• incorrect tumor microenvironment | |
Orthotopic | Advantage |
• correct tumor microenvironment | |
| Â | Limitations |
• technique demanding • high cost • specialized imaging systems required for tumor size measurement | |
Patient-derived | Advantage |
• high resemblance to patient tumor | |
| Â | Limitations |
• long latency period • limited engraftment rate • high cost • use of patient specimen |