Visceral pain: gut microbiota, a new hope?

Table 1 Effects of prebiotics and probiotics in preclinical studies

Animals	Treatment	Length of treatment	Outcomes	References
Adult male Swiss Webster	Live luminal Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938)	9 days	DSM ↓ capsaicin-evoked (1) firing of spinal nerve action potentials and (2) Ca²⁺ increase in DRG neurons.	[58]
Sprague Dawley rats	Lactobacillus acidophilus	15 days	L. acidophilus ↑MOR1 and CB2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells restoring normal perception of visceral pain.	[66]
Female NIH Swiss mice and Balb/c mice	Lactobacillus paracasei (NCC2461)	10 days	L. paracasei ↓antibiotic-induced CRD hypersensitivity and SP immunolabelling in the myenteric plexus.	[74]
Sprague Dawley rats	Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus helveticus	15 days	Probiotics ↓ MS-induced CRD hypersensitivity, plasma CORT levels and short-circuit current in the gut.	[27]
Sprague Dawley rats	Lactobacillus paracasei	15 days	L. paracasei ↓ MS-induced CRD hypersensitivity.	[23]
Wistar rats	VSL#3	60 days	VSL#3 reversed MS-induced CRD hypersensitivity and alterations of i.e. TPH1, CCL2, NOS3, NTRK1, IL-10, TRPV4, gene expression levels.	[18]
C57BL/6 mice	Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus helveticus	15 days	Probiotics prevented c. rodentium-induced epithelial cell hyperplasia and reduction in cell proliferation as well as transcription of IL-10 and FOXP3.	[64]

Abbreviations: MOR1 Opioid Receptor Mu, CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor, CRD colorectal distension, MS maternal separation, CORT corticosterone, TPH1 Tryptophan hydroxylase, CCL2 C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand, NOS3 nitric oxide synthase, NTRK1 Neurotrophic Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, IL-10 interleukin, TRPV4 Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 4, FOXP3 Forkhead Box P3

ISSN: 1423-0127