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Fig. 3 | Journal of Biomedical Science

Fig. 3

From: Effects of glucosamine against morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance and dependence in mice

Fig. 3

Effect of gavage glucosamine (1000 mg/kg, twice daily, for 9 days), on the mRNA levels of iNOS (induced nitric oxide synthase) in both morphine tolerated mice and morphine-dependent mice received naloxone (5 mg/kg, i.p.) challenge. GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is a reference gene and was used for normalization as an internal control. Results (mean ± SEM) are expressed in terms of relative quantification (fold-change) using the 2-ΔΔCT method for n = 4. One way ANOVA and post hock Tukey was used *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 vs. normal saline control group; #p < 0.05 morphine+glucosamine vs. morphine treated group. $p < 0.05 morphine+glucosamine+naloxane vs. morphine+naloxane treated group

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