Fig. 4
From: Effects of glucosamine against morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance and dependence in mice
Effect of gavage glucosamine (1000 mg/kg, twice daily, for 9 days), on the A: mRNA levels of the TNF-α (tumor necrosis alpha) in both morphine tolerated and morphine-dependent mice received naloxone (5 mg/kg, i.p.) challenge. B: Protein levels of the TNF-α in morphine tolerated and morphine-dependent mice received naloxone (5 mg/kg, i.p.) challenge by ELISA assay. GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is a reference gene and was used for normalization as an internal control. Results (mean ± SEM) are expressed in terms of relative quantification (fold-change) using the 2-ΔΔCT method for n = 5. One way ANOVA and post hock Tukey was used. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. normal saline control group; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 morphine+glucosamine vs. morphine treated group. $p < 0.05, $$p < 0.01 morphine+glucosamine+naloxane vs. morphine+naloxane treated group