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Fig. 2 | Journal of Biomedical Science

Fig. 2

From: Molecular functions and clinical impact of thyroid hormone-triggered autophagy in liver-related diseases

Fig. 2

Model to Thyroid hormone stimulated hepatic autophagy. a T3/THR promotes mitochondrial activity and biogenesis through inducing transcriptional regulators, such as PPARs, PPAR coactivators (PGC-1) and nuclear respiratory factors (NRF), causing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and subsequently release of intracellular calcium, and ultimately, stimulating AMPK-ULK-1 dependent mitophagy. b T3/THR upregulates at transcriptional level betatrophin to promote lipophagy. c T3/THR induces DAPK2-mediated of SQSTM1 (p62) phosphorylation to enhance selective autophagy d HBV X protein (HBx) targets to mitochondria and consequently causes ROS generation, implicated in activation of STAT-3, JNK and NF-κB. T3/THR activates PINK1/PARKIN-dependent mitophagy to ameliorate HBX-induced mitochondrial depolarization

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