Fig. 1
NaIO3 induces cell death, ROS production and mitochondrial respiratory inhibition. a Cells were treated with NaIO3 (3, 10, 30, 40 mM) for 24 h. b Cells were pretreated with Nec-1 (30 μM) 15 min prior to NaIO3 (3, 10, 30 mM) treatment for 24 h. Cell viability was determined by Annexin V/PI staining and flow cytometry. c After treatment with NaIO3 (30 mM) for different periods, cell lysates were collected for immunoblotting of PARP1 and γ-H2AX. d, e Cells were treated with NaIO3 (30 mM) for different periods (d, left panel and e) or at different concentrations for 3 h (d, right panel). Cytosolic ROS d and mitochondrial ROS e were determined by H2DCFDA and MitoSOX, respectively. f Cells were treated with 10 and 30 mM NaIO3 for 24 h, followed by measuring OCR status by Seahorse Bioscience XF24 Analyzer as indicated in the Methods. Data were mean ± S.E.M. from three independent experiments. * p < 0.05, indicating significant effect of NaIO3 on inducing cell death (a, b), ROS production (d, e) and inhibition of mitochondrial respiration (f) as compared to vehicle-treated control group. # p < 0.05, indicating the significant effect of Nec-1 to reduce NaIO3-induced cytotoxicity shown in (b)