Fig. 2

Antioxidant enhanced mitochondrial fission and cell death in NaIO3-treated RPE cells. a Cells were treated with NAC (10 mM), Trolox (10 mM) and NaIO3 (10, 30 mM) for 24 h. Cell viability was determined by Annexin V/PI staining and flow cytometry. Data were mean ± S.E.M. from three independent experiments. * p < 0.05, indicating significant cytotoxic effect of NaIO3. # p < 0.05, indicating significant effects of NAC and Trolox. b After NAC and/or NaIO3 treatment, PARP1 protein was determined by immunoblotting. c, d Cells were treated with Nec-1 (30 μM) (c) or NAC (10 mM) (d) followed by NaIO3 at 3–30 mM (c) or 30 mM (d) for 6 h. Afterwards cells were stained with Tom20 (indicator of mitochondria) to determine mitochondrial shape. Scale bars indicated 10 μm. e, f Cells were treated with NAC (10 mM), Trolox (10 mM) and/or NaIO3 (30 mM) as indicated, and immunoblotting was used to determine MFN1/2, Drp-1, and OPA1