Fig. 3

3-bromopyruvate increased the ER stress markers in TC-1 cells. a Representative RT-PCR of GRP78 and CHOP mRNA expression (25 cycles of PCR). b Representative Western blot of GRP78 and CHOP in TC-1 cells. GRP78 and CHOP activities were calculated as ratios with respect to actin. c, d Representative confocal laser immunofluorescence photomicrographs of (c) control TC-1 cells and (d) 3-BrPA-treated TC-1 cells. 3-BrPA increased the CRT on the surface membrane of TC-1 cells