Tumor-associated macrophages: an accomplice in solid tumor progression

Table 1 The cytokines, chemokines and enzymes derived from TAMs and associated signaling pathways

	Signaling pathway	Process	Solid tumor	Derivation	Ref.
Cytokines
IL-1	IL-1β/15-PGDH	Tumor growth	Pancreatic cancer	M1, TAM	11
IL-1	PGDF	Neovascularization	Colon cancer		37
IL-6	IL-6/STAT3	Chemotherapy resistance	Colorectal cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	M1, TAM	13
IL-6		Neovascularization	Colon cancer		37
IL-10		Suppress T cells		M2, TAM	78
TNF-α	NF-κB/MITF	Chemotherapy resistance	Melanoma	M1, TAM	34
TGF-β	Smad/Snail signaling pathway	EMT	Colorectal cancer	M2a, TAM	65
TGF-β	TGF-β/SOX9	Cell invasion	Non-small cell lung cancer		52
VEGF	HIF1α	Neoangiogenesis	Skin cancer mouse model and Merkel cell carcinoma	TAM	35,41,42
Chemokines
CXCL8	CXCL8/HOXB13/ERα	Invasion and metastasis	Endometrial cancer	TAM	9
TIE2	ANG2/TIE2	angiogenesis	Mammary tumor and pancreatic insulinoma models	TAM	45
CCL18	CCL18/ PITPNM3	Migration	Breast cancer	M2, TAM	54
CCL18	GM-CSF/CCL18 feedback loop	EMT and metastasis	Breast cancer		67
CCL20		Recruit CCR6 + nTreg	Colorectal cancer	M1, M2b, TAM	77
CCL22		Recruit CCR4 + nTreg	Ovarian carcinoma	M2, TAM	76
Enzymes
Cathepsin	Cathepsin B/Nlrp3	Tumor growth, invasion and metastasis	Breast cancer	TAM	33,50
MMPs	MMP-9	Angiogenesis and tumor growth	Melanoma	TAM	12
MMPs	MMP-9	Tumor migration and invasion	Triple-negative breast cancer mouse model and lung cancer	TAM	55,56

ISSN: 1423-0127