Table 1 Summary of liver microsystems in vitro
Engineering method | Drug response study | Advantage | Disadvantage | Hepatocyte type | Engineered ECM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- Drug-drug interactions [5] - Enzyme induction [5] | - High cell interaction between different cells in 2D coculture | - Low relevance to liver lobule anatomy - Lack of 3D morphology | - Primary cell [5,6,7,8, 10, 11] - Cell line [9] | ||
- Enzyme induction [13] | - Direct cell patterning | - Buffer or hydrogel with small conductivity | - Collagen [13] - PEG hydrogel [12] | ||
- Enzyme induction [21] | - Patterning heterogeneous biomaterials - High resolution | - Damages by UV radiation and free radical | - Primary cell [20] - Stem cell [21] | - Gelatin [22] - PEG hydrogel [19] - PLA [20] | |
- Cancer therapy [23] - Drug hepatotoxicity [28] - Metabolic function [29] | - Patterning heterogeneous biomaterial | - Poor flexibility to complicated geometry | - Primary cell [30] - Stem cell [29] | - Fibrin gel [30] - GelMA [28] - PEG hydrogel [23] - PLGA [23] - POMaC [29] | |
- Drug hepatotoxicity [25] - Enzyme induction [25, 36, 37] - Transplantation [41] | - Patterning heterogeneous biomaterial - Directly printing biomaterial in 3D space - Large-scale printing | - Large pressure and shear stress during the printing | - Primary cell [24, 25, 37, 41] - Stem cell [38] | - Alginate [40] - Gelatin [36] - NovoGel [25] - PEG hydrogel [40] | |
Microfluidics [40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55] | - Drug hepatotoxicity [46, 48, 51, 52, 58, 59, 61, 68,69,70] - Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics [67,68,69,70] - Drug-drug interactions [52, 59, 60] | - Perfusion culture as in vivo - Automation - Small sample volume - Gradient generator | - Closed culture environment | - Agarose [51] - Collagen [48,49,50,51,52,53, 56, 59, 68,69,70] - Fibronectin [67] - Gelatin [51] - PEGDA [54] |