Table 1 Comparison of properties of the imaging modalitiesa
From: Photoacoustic imaging of cells in a three-dimensional microenvironment
Imaging modality | Spatial resolution | Imaging depth | Chemical sensitivity | Potential applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
EM | 1 nm | 0.1 μm | N.A. | Biomineralization, biomaterial surface structure, pore formation, cell–biomaterial interaction |
CM | 0.4 μm | 0.1 mm | High | Cell behavior, cell tracking, gene expression, cellular substructure, functional activity |
MPM | 1 μm | 1 mm | High | Biomaterial architecture, cell tracking, functional activity |
OR-PAM | 2.5 μm | 1 mm | High | Cell tracking, functional activity, fluid dynamics, cell–biomaterial interaction |
OCT | 10 μm | 2 mm | Low | Vascularization, biomaterial architecture, functional activity |
AR-PAM | 45 μm | 3 mm | High | Vascularization, biomaterial architecture, cell metabolism, functional activity |
US (20 MHz) | 165 μm | 3 cm | Low | Fluid dynamics, mechanics, spatial patterning of cells, functional activity |