Table 6 LncRNAs involved in cardiovascular development

Bvht [106]

Bvht is essential for promoting ESC differentiation to cardiovascular cell fate

1. Upstream of MesP1 to promote MesP1-related gene expression

2. Modulating cardiovascular commitment through interacting with PRC2

Linc1405 [107]

Participate in developmental process, activate primitive streak differentiation.

1. Recruit Eomes to bind on MesP1 promotor

CARMEN [108]

Inhibit the expression of Bvht to control the cardiac differentiation, mediate the cardiac transcriptional factors, play roles in cardiac specification and homeostasis

1. Upstream of Bvht to function with EZH2 and SUZ12

Fendrr [109]

Regulate histone modifier complexes, restrict the caudal end of the lateral mesoderm formation

1. Downstream modulate Foxf1

2. Occupy the Foxf1, Pitx2 and Irx3 promotors to reduce the genes expression

1. Inhibit the promoter of Gata6 and Nkx2–5

PANCR [110, 111]

Indirect but necessary to activate CM differentiation

1. Coordinately improve the cardiogenic differentiation with PITX2C

PLAYRR [112]

1. Act as PITX2C exhibit mutual antagonism

Upperhand (Uph) [113]

Reprogramming cardiac fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes

1. Upregulate the expression of HAND2

Handdown (Hdn) [113,114,115]

Reprogramming cardiac fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes

1. Interact with Uph to regulate HAND2 level

HA117 [116]

Anti-differentiation function in leukemia and Hirschsprung’s disease

1. Regulate the neighboring gene, DPF3 and RGS6

2. Hypothesis as a biomarker for TOF