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Table 2 The association between lifestyle and clinical factors and pancreatic cancer risk

From: Validation of genome-wide association study-identified single nucleotide polymorphisms in a case-control study of pancreatic cancer from Taiwan

Characteristics

Cases

N = 278

n (%)

Controls

N = 658

n (%)

Analysis 1

OR (95% CI)a

Analysis 2

OR (95% CI)b

Cigarette smoking

 Never

162 (58.3)

496 (75.4)

Reference

Reference

 Ever

116 (41.7)

162 (24.6)

1.63 (1.10–2.40)

1.61 (1.05–2.46)

Oral hygiene scorec

 0 (Good)

27 (9.7)

180 (27.4)

Reference

Reference

 1

65 (23.4)

219 (33.3)

1.63 (0.98–2.70)

1.44 (0.85–2.43)

 2

118 (42.4)

198 (30.1)

2.88 (1.77–4.69)

2.15 (1.28–3.62)

 3 (Poor)

60 (21.6)

52 (7.9)

4.60 (2.56–8.29)

2.58 (1.37–4.86)

 Unknown

8 (2.9)

9 (1.4)

–

–

Vegetable consumption

 3 portions or less per week

106 (38.1)

100 (15.2)

Reference

Reference

  > 3 portions per week

172 (61.9)

558 (84.8)

0.29 (0.21–0.41)

0.34 (0.24–0.49)

Fruit consumption

 1 portion or less per day

85 (30.6)

143 (21.7)

Reference

Reference

  > 1 portion per day

193 (69.4)

513 (78.0)

0.71 (0.51–1.00)

0.95 (0.80–1.13)

 Unknown

0 (0.0)

2 (0.3)

–

–

Allergy

 No

227 (81.6)

405 (61.6)

Reference

Reference

 Yes

51 (18.4)

251 (38.1)

0.46 (0.32–0.65)

0.47 (0.32–0.69)

 Unknown

0 (0.0)

2 (0.3)

–

–

Diabetes mellitus/glucose intolerance (DM/GI)

 No DM/GI

196 (70.5)

602 (91.5)

Reference

Reference

  < 2 years

22 (7.9)

16 (2.4)

4.08 (2.01–8.25)

3.04 (1.42–6.50)

  > 2 years

59 (21.2)

39 (5.9)

3.71 (2.36–5.87)

2.84 (1.74–4.61)

 Unknown

1 (0.4)

1 (0.2)

–

–

BMI 2 years agod

  < 18.5

4 (1.4)

36 (5.5)

0.37 (0.12–1.09)

0.38 (0.12–1.17)

 18.5–23.9

102 (36.7)

319 (48.5)

Reference

Reference

 24–26.9

83 (29.9)

191 (29.0)

1.07 (0.75–1.53)

0.99 (0.67–1.47)

 27 or more

87 (31.3)

111 (16.9)

2.09 (1.43–3.06)

1.68 (1.11–2.54)

 Unknown

2 (0.7)

1 (0.1)

–

–

  1. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, DM/GI diabetes mellitus/glucose intolerance, OR odds ratio
  2. aOR and 95% CI of each independent variable in Model 1 was calculated using unconditional logistic regression, adjusted for sex, age, and education
  3. bModel 2 included all of the independent variables in the same model with additional adjustment for sex, age, and education
  4. cOral hygiene score = tooth brushing + use of dental floss + regular dental visit, with tooth brushing: ≧2 times per day = 0, < 2 times per day = 1; use of dental floss: yes = 0, no = 1; and regular dental visit: yes = 0, no = 1
  5. dBMI at two years before the pancreatic cancer diagnosis for the cases or before the interview date for the controls