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Fig. 3 | Journal of Biomedical Science

Fig. 3

From: Amino acid-dependent control of mTORC1 signaling: a variety of regulatory modes

Fig. 3

Glutamine-induced activation of mTORC1. a Glutamine activates mTORC1 via the Golgi-localized Arf1 GTPase. Arf1 forms a complex with the RalA GTPase and PLD1 to activate PLD1. Glutamine promotes Arf1-mediated lysosomal translocation of mTORC1 via v-ATPase, although the mechanism remains unclear. b Amino acids also activate mTORC1 via Golgi-localized Rab1A. c Glutamine is converted to α-KG via glutaminolysis. α-KG can activate mTORC1 in a Rag GTPase-dependent or a Arf1-dependent manner, but the detailed mechanisms are almost completely unknown. d Glutamine is required for leucine uptake through plasma membrane transporters. Glutamine enters the cytosol through SLC1A5. Cytosolic glutamine flows out of the cell in exchange for leucine via the SLC3A2-SLC7A5 anti-transporter. The glutamine-leucine antiport constitutes a rate-limiting step for mTORC1 activation

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