Table 2 Overview of key features of various antimicrobial nanoformulations
From: Advances in sepsis diagnosis and management: a paradigm shift towards nanotechnology
Nanosystem | Characterization | Target pathogens | Key findings/ outcomes | References | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active | Nanocarriers | Zeta-potential | Shape / Size | LC/ EE (%) | In vitro | In vivo (Model) | ||
Antibiotic nanoformulations | ||||||||
Meropenem | CH with tripolyphosphate (TPP) crosslinker | 17.1 ± 2.3 to19.8 ± 2.6 mV | Spherical 261.8 ± 37.5 nm | EE = 71.5–76.3 | E. coli K.pneumoniae MRSA MSSA | K. pneumoniae (Systemic infection/ sepsis in rat) | Two-fold lower MIC Improved survival | [91] |
Vancomycin (VCM) | Peptide (CARG)-conjugated Porous silicon nanoparticles | – | ~ 180 nm | LC = 12 | S. aureus MRSA P. aeruginosa | S. aureus (Lung infection model in mice) | Targeted binding to S. aureus by CARG Reduced systemic dose in vivo | [89] |
Ciprofloxacin and TPCA‐1 | Block copolymer Biotin-PEGb-PAE (-g-PEG-b-DSPE)-b-PEG-Biotin | − 6.81 mV at pH 7.4 + 7.35 mV at pH 6.5 | Spherical 120 nm | LC = 9.2 ± 0.2 EE = 53.7 ± 1.3 | P. aeruginosa | P. aeruginosa (Acute lung bacterial infection in mouse) | Targeted on-demand delivery in response to IMEs Enhanced therapeutic efficacy and survival | [94] |
Sparfloxacin and Tacrolimus | γ3 peptide grafted on poly (lactide-co-glycolide acid) (PLGA) | − 40 mV | Spherical 183.7 ± 9.4 nm | (SFX 5 mg/ml) EE = 84.7 (SFX) 85.6 (TAC) | P. aeruginosa S. aureus | P. aeruginosa (Acute lung infection in mice) | Increased binding to inflamed cells by γ3 peptide Decreased inflammation and immune response in vivo | [95] |
Ciprofloxacin | Lipid emulsion of chitosan and sodium deoxycholate | + 28.2 ± 2 | 225 to 325 nm | EE = 93.7 ± 2.3 | E. coli | E-coli (Peritonitis or abdominal sepsis model in rats) | Decreased TNF-α and NO production Improved survival | [97] |
Moxifloxacin and Rutin | Poly-caprolactone | − 22.63 ± 0.55 mV | 173.63 ± 3.90 nm | LC = 7.49 ± 0.31 EE = 72.64 ± 1.06 | E. coli | – | Suppressed LPS released from bacteria | [98] |
Antimicrobial peptide and other nanoformulations | ||||||||
S-thanatin with levofloxacin | Liposome prepared with HSPC, CHO and Ts-PEG2000-DSPE | + 5.3 | 152.5 ± 3.2 | LEV EE = ∼76 | MDR K. pneumonia | MDR K. pneumonia (Septic shock model in mice) | 2–16-dilution lower MIC than free drug Improved efficacy on bacteria clearance | [101] |
Structurally nanoengineered antimicrobial peptide polymers (SNAPPs) | Poly(amido amine) | – | Star-shaped S16 = 7.8 ± 1.2 nm S32 = 7.5 ± 1.6 nm | – | Streptococcus mutans S. aureus E. coli P. aeruginosa K. pneumoniae A. baumannii | A. baumannii (Peritonitis model in mouse) | Superior antibacterial activity against colistin-resistant and MDR pathogens Higher therapeutic indices | [100] |
Antimicrobial peptide and cathepsin B (AMP-CatB) mRNA | Vitamin lipid nanoparticles (VLNPs) | ~ 22 mV | ~ 140 nm | EE = ~ 90 | MDR S. aureus | MDR S. aureus MDR E. coli (MDR bacteria-induced sepsis in mice with immune-suppression) | Demonstrated adoptive transfer of MACs Improved recovery of immune-compromised septic mice | [107] |
Mixtures of Carvacrol and Eugenol, Cinnamaldehyde and/or β-Caryophyllene | Lipidic nanocapsules | − 16 ± 2 mV | 66 ± 4 nm | LC = 20 EE = 49 | A. baumannii | A. baumannii (Pathogen induced sepsis in mice) | Synergistic antimicrobial activities in combination Improved survival | [109] |
Silver based nanoparticles | Carbon quantum dots | − 52.12 ± 6.81 mV | 13.23 ± 4.03 nm | – | S. aureus E. coli P. aeruginosa | (High-grade sepsis in mice by Cecal ligation and puncture) | Ameliorated inflammation in the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidney | [112] |