Table 2 Treatments (non-FDA approved) which can potentially suppress SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and/or COVID-19 complications (see also, Table 1)
Intervention | Study type | Biologic efficacy | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Induction of SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies | |||
Recombinant Novel Coronavirus Vaccine Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccine | Phase 3 clinical trial (viral two-vector vaccine based on the human adenovirus fused with the S protein of SARS-CoV-2) | Unknown | |
Adsorbed COVID-19 (inactivated) Vaccine SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (Vero cell) | Phase 3 clinical trial (absorbed inactivated SARS-CoV-2) | Unknown | |
mRNA-1273 vaccine | Phase 3 clinical trial (mRNA-based vaccine that encodes for a full-length, prefusion stabilized S protein of SARS-CoV-2) | Unknown | [166] |
SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies | |||
COV2-2196, COV2-2130 | In vitro and in vivo study (mouse) | Reduce viral burden and level of inflammation in mouse’s lungs | see text |
P2C-1F11, P2B-2F6, P2C-1A3 | In vitro (antibodies derived from 8 individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2) | Substantial neutralizing activities against SARS-CoV-2 infection | see text |
CB6 | In vivo (specific human antibodies administrated in rhesus macaques) | Prophylactic group: prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Treatment group: reduced SARS-CoV-2 titre | see text |
Soluble angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (decoy for virus) | |||
GSK2586881 | Phase 2 clinical trial (recombinant human ACE2 in ventilated patients with ARDS) | Unknown | [167] |
RhACE2 APN01 | Ongoing phase 2 clinical trial (recombinant human ACE2) | Unknown | [168] |
Antibodies or small molecules that target ACE2 | |||
SSAA09E2 | In vitro (small molecule added to 293 T and Vero cells) | Inhibits fusion of the SARS-S envelope with the host cellular membrane | see text |
COV2-2196 COV2-2381 | In vivo (monoclonal antibodies administrated in rhesus macaques) | Prophylactic group: prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection | see text |
TMRPSS2 protease inhibitors | |||
Camostat mesylate | In vitro (lung cell line) | Blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection of lung cells | see text |
Inhibitors of membrane fusion and/or clathrin-mediated endocytosis | |||
Ikarugamycin | In vitro (H1299 cells) | Acutely inhibits clathrin‐mediated endocytosis (CME) | see text |
Dynasore, Dyngo 4a, Dyngo 6a | In vitro | Inhibit specifically dynamin and clathrin-mediated endocytosis | see text |
Latrunculin b | In vitro | Inhibits Australian bat lyssavirus G-mediated entry into HEK293T cells through actin depolymerization | see text |
SSAA09E3 | In vitro (small molecule added to 293 T and Vero cells) | Prevents fusion of the SARS-CoV-2 membrane with the host cellular membrane | see text |
Virus’ RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors | |||
Setrobuvir, IDX-184, YAK | In vitro | Bind to RdRp tightly and hence may contradict the polymerase function | see text |
Cathepsin L inhibitors | |||
SSAA09E1, Oxocarbazate, MDL-28170, K11777, EST | In vitro (293 T cells) | Blocks SARS CoV-2 entry | see text, [169] |
Inhibitors of cellular pathways reshaped by SARS-CoV-2 infection | |||
Cycloheximide | In vitro (human Caco2 cells) | Inhibits translation elongation and SARS-CoV-2 replication | see text |
Emetine | In vitro (human Caco2 cells) | Inhibits the 40S ribosomal protein S14 and SARS-CoV-2 replication | see text |
Pladienolide B | In vitro (human Caco2 cells) | Inhibits splicing factor SF3B117 and SARS-CoV-2 replication | see text |
2-Deoxy-d-glucose | In vitro (human Caco2 cells) | Blocks glycolysis and inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication | see text |
Ribavirin | In vitro (human Caco2 cells) | Inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and SARS-CoV-2 replication | see text |
NMS-873 | In vitro (human Caco2 cells) | Inhibits the AAA ATPase p97 and SARS-CoV-2 replication | see text |
ANG(1–7) peptide | |||
Angiotensin 1–7, TXA127 | Ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial | Unknown | |