Fig. 4

l-Carnitine treatment ameliorates swimming behavior of TPM3(E151G) larva and muscle endurance of TPM3(E151G) adult transgenic zebrafish. a F3 larvae TPM3(E151G) fish (n = 8) were treated with five different chemicals starting at 28 h-post-fertilization (hpf) for six days, and larvae swimming behavior was tested at 7 day-post-fertilization (dpf). l-Carnitine significantly increased the swimming velocity compared to un-treated control. b Five different chemicals were used to treat F3 TPM3(E151A) larvae (n = 8). l-Carnitine does not improve the swimming velocity for TPM3(E151A) transgenic fish. c AB(WT) larvae with and without l-carnitine treatment (n = 16). l-Carnitine has no effect on non-transgenic AB(WT) fish. d ATP treatment of F3 TPM3(E151G) larvae considerably improved the swimming speed. e ATP treatments on F3 TPM3(WT) larvae showed no improving effect. f F3 adult TPM3(E151G) fish (n = 8) were treated with l-carnitine starting at 28 hpf for one month, with a muscle endurance test conducted at 1 month of age in a swimming tunnel. g The body weight of the l-carnitine treated TPM3(E151G) transgenic fish. h The standard length of the L-carnitine treated TPM3(E151G) transgenic fish. i PCA of endurance test for adult F3 TPM3(WT) and TPM3(E151G) transgenic zebrafish after l-carnitine treatment. Red plot denotes TPM3(WT), green plot is TPM3(E151G), and dark green plot represents TPM3(E151G) transgenic zebrafish after l-carnitine treatment. Statistical significance was determined using a t-test, *0.01 < P ≤ 0.05; **0.001 < P ≤ 0.01; ***0.0001 < P ≤ 0.001; ****  ≤ 0.0001