Fig. 2
The production and immune response of monoglycosylated influenza vaccine. The production of monoglycosylated split virus vaccine adds two key steps to the traditional egg-based platform. Kifunensine, a mannosidase I inhibitor, is added during egg inoculation to arrest viral glycoprotein processing, resulting in a uniformly high mannose composition. Endoglycosidase H is added after harvest to trim high mannose residues down to a single GlcNAc. The resultant monoglycosylated split vaccine provides a more diverse immune response and more effective cross-strain protection than conventional egg-based vaccines. HAfg, non-modified egg-based vaccine with complex type N-glycans attached to HA; HAhm, HA with only high mannose type N-glycans; HAmg, HA with a single GlcNAc at its N-glycosylation sites. Models of HAfg, HAhm and HAmg are created with Protein Data Bank ID code 3LZG and 6FYT by adding glycan with GlyProt (http://www.glycosciences.de/modeling/glyprot/php/main.php), coot (https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/personal/pemsley/coot/) and PDB of lipid bilayer from Lipid Bilayer Membranes for RasMol (https://www.umass.edu/microbio/rasmol/bilayers.htm). The images were displayed with program PyMOL (www.pymol.org)