Table 1 Summary of MSC-based clinical/preclinical trials
Indication | Cell source | Model | Quantification modality | In vivo distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Acute organ failure | Bone marrow, Bone | Histology/RT-PCR | More exogenous human MSCs localized to injured tissues | |
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) | Bone marrow | Patients [19] | PCR | MSC DNA detected in lymph nodes |
Ischemic disease | Bone marrow | Histology/qPCR | DAPI staining confirmed rapid cell loss after transplantation | |
Lung cancer | Umbilical cord | Mouse [252] | PET-CT | MSCs remained in the lungs up to 1Â week after injection |
Liver cirrhosis | Bone marrow | Patients [26] | Planar whole-body acquisitions/SPECT | MSCs accumulated in the lung first, MSCs in the liver increased from 0.0%–2.8% to 13.0%–17.4% in 10 days |
Diabetes | Bone marrow | Rat [28] | Histology/qPCR | MSCs detected in the diabetic kidneys at 24 and 48Â h after cell infusion. Cell engraftment also observed in spleen and thymus at 24Â h |
Spinal cord injury | Bone marrow | Rat [299] | CT/MRI | After transplantation of BMMSCs, the hypersignal emerged in spinal cord in T1WI starting at day 7 that was focused at the injection site, which then increased and extended until day 14 |
Cartilage/bone injury | Adipose | Rabbit [37] | MRI | Representative tibial joint, regenerated meniscus and joint surface of tibia at 6 and 12Â weeks after surgery |