Table 3 MSC tumor promoting signaling pathways

TGF-β1

IL6

IL-8

Smad2/3, Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, p38 MAPK

JAK2/STAT3

FAK

[159]

[132]

[140]

SDF-1

CXCL1

CXCR4

CCL5

CXCR4, CXCR7

CXCR1/2

PI3K/Akt, Ras/Erk

CCR1/β-catenin/Slug, CCR5 → CSF1 secretion → recruitment of TAM and MDSC

[124]

[150]

[127]

[137, 142]

NRG1

HER2(HER3)/PI3K/AKT

[41]

miR-21-5p

miR-410

miR-142-3p

miR-23b

Downregulation of PTEN, PDCD4 and RECK; M2 polarization

Downregulation of PTEN

Activating Notch signalling by downregulation of Numb

Downregulation of MARCKS

[126]

[158]

[136]

[145]

Direct contact

NOTCH

[136, 144, 149]