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Table 1 The overview of Parkinson disease and parkinsonism plus syndrome

From: The role of noncoding RNAs in Parkinson’s disease: biomarkers and associations with pathogenic pathways

Disease

Pathological change

Major involved brain regions of Synucleinopathies

Levodopa response

Clinical features

PD

α-syn in neurons

Midbrain

Good

Asymmetric parkinsonism including rigidity, bradykinesia, or resting tremor

MSA

α-syn in oligodendrocytes

Cerebellum, striatum

Poor

Autonomic dysfunction, cerebellar ataxia, less asymmetric parkinsonism than PD

DLB

α-syn in neurons

Neocortex, limbic areas

Poor

Fluctuating consciousness and cognition, recurrent visual hallucination, symmetric parkinsonism

PSP

Tau in neurons

Brainstem, subcortex

Poor

Vertical supranuclear palsy, axial rigidity, cognitive impairment, symmetric parkinsonism, early fall

CBD

Tau in neurons and astrocytes

Frontoparietal cortex

Poor

Akinetic rigidity, limb apraxia, speech and language deficits, asymmetric parkinsonism, myoclonus, dystonia

  1. PD Parkinsons’s disease, MSA multiple system atrophy, PSP progressive supranuclear palsy, CBD corticobasal degeneration, DLB dementia with Lewy bodies, α-syn alpha-synuclein