Disease | Pathological change | Major involved brain regions of Synucleinopathies | Levodopa response | Clinical features |
---|---|---|---|---|
PD | α-syn in neurons | Midbrain | Good | Asymmetric parkinsonism including rigidity, bradykinesia, or resting tremor |
MSA | α-syn in oligodendrocytes | Cerebellum, striatum | Poor | Autonomic dysfunction, cerebellar ataxia, less asymmetric parkinsonism than PD |
DLB | α-syn in neurons | Neocortex, limbic areas | Poor | Fluctuating consciousness and cognition, recurrent visual hallucination, symmetric parkinsonism |
PSP | Tau in neurons | Brainstem, subcortex | Poor | Vertical supranuclear palsy, axial rigidity, cognitive impairment, symmetric parkinsonism, early fall |
CBD | Tau in neurons and astrocytes | Frontoparietal cortex | Poor | Akinetic rigidity, limb apraxia, speech and language deficits, asymmetric parkinsonism, myoclonus, dystonia |