Table 3 The profiles of lncRNA and circRNA in PD patients

lncRNA

human plasma exosome

NGS (Illumina HiSeq)

15

24/2 (2 in validation cohort: lnc-MKRN2-42:1, GAS5:46)

Discovery by NGS from 7 PD, 7 HC; validation by rt-qPCR from 24 PD, 11 HC (in bold)

[199]

microarray (Aligent) + rt-qPCR

1 (Linc-POU3F3)

N.A

93 PD, 85 HC; magnetic bead isolation of exosome; only Linc-POU3F3 was highlighted. No detailed differentially expressed lncRNA profile was provided

[236]

Human leukocytes

Microarray (Aligent)

95/4 (4 in validation cohort: AC131056.3-001, HOTAIRM1, lnc-MOK-6:1, and RF01976.1-201)

27

Discovery by microarray from 5 PD, 5 HC; validation by rt-qPCR from 72 PD and 22 HC; functional validation in SH-SY5Y and THP1 cells; AC131056.3-001 and HOTAIRM1 increases apoptosis

[52]

Microarray (GEO database)

2 (LINC00302, LINC00328)

5 (XIST, PART1, MCF2L-AS1, NOP14-AS1, FAM215A)

50 PD, 22 HC; PRKACA, IGF1R, and lncRNA-XIST might be involved in PD pathology

[34]

NGS (Illumina HiSeq)

38

39 (JHDM1D, LOC105378701, LOC102724104, LOC105375056, LOC105379392)

Discovery in 3 PD, 3 HC; validation in 2 other GEO databases; functional pairing of lncRNA and miRNA was performed and highlighted; the interaction of LOC101928100-KLRK1/KLRD1 was showed but no change of level was provided)

[234]

Human leukocytes + brain section

NGS (ABI SOLiD) + rt-qPCR

5 (AC004744.3, RP4-705O1.1, RP11-533O20.2, RP11-542K23.9)

8 (RP11-79P5.3, RP13-507P19.2, RP11-101C11.1, U1, RP11-425I13.3, RP11-124N14.3, RP11-462G22.1, PCA3)

Discovery: plasma from 3 PD, 3 HC (NGS + rt-q{CR);

Validation: SN + amygdala from 6 PD and 4 HC (rt-qPCR); U1 and RP11-462G22.1 (lnc-FRG1-3) are over-expressed in PD leukocytes, and RP11-79P5.3 up-regulates in PD brains

[180]

Human PBMCs

NGS (Illumina NextSeq 500) + rt-qPCR

1 (SCARNA2)

2 (RP1-29C18.9, RP1-29C18.8)

6 PD, 6 HC; None of lncRNAs could be validated by rt-qPCR

[58]

Human brain + PBMCs

rt-qPCR

–

6 (AK127687, AX747125, SNCA-AS1, UCHL1-AS1, PINK1-AS1, MAPT-AS1)

9 PD, 8 non-PD Controls for SN and cerebellum; lncRNA targeted to PD-related genes were enrolled; validate their existence and levels in SH-SY5Y, patients-derived iPSC, CSF-derived exosome, and human cortex

[50]

Human brain section

Microarray data

42 (AL049437 most upregulated)

45 (AK021630 most downregulated)

11 PD, 14 HC; discovery in SN; validation by SH-SY5Y cells (tyrosine hydroxylase expression, mitochondrial mass)

[131]

rt-qPCR

4 (lincRNA-p21, Malat1, SNHG1, TncRNA)

1 (H19 upstream conserved 1 and 2)

20 PD, 10 HC; anterior cingulate gyrus; five featured lncRNAs are PD stage-dependently expressed

[94]

circRNA

Human plasma

NGS (Illumina HiSeq X ten)

2 (SIN3A_circ_0036353; HBB_chr11:5225503–5226657: +)

9 (ITGAL_circ_0000690, SLTM_circ_0000605, YY1AP1_circ_0014606, RBM39_circ_0004870, FBXW7_circ_0001451, FAM13B_circ_0001535, RBM33_circ_0001772)

4 PD, 4 HC; testified by circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network analysis

[91]

Human PBMCs

rt-qPCR

N.A

MAPK9_circ_0001566, HOMER1_circ_0006916, SLAIN1_circ_0000497, DOP1B_circ_0001187, RESP1_circ_0004368, and PSEN1_circ_0003848

60 PD, 60 HC

[156]

Human brain section

RNA-seq database + rt-qPCR

1 (CircSLC8A1)

N.A

Discovery from a RNA-seq database from SN of 15 PD and 10 HC; validation by rt-qPCR from SN of 24 PD and 18 HC; although 24 DE lncRNAs were mentioned in the text, details of DE lncRNA profile was not entirely clarified

[72]

piRNA

Human brain section

NGS (Illumina HiSeq) + rt-qPCR

561/46 overlapped in midbrain neurons

553/24 overlapped in midbrain neurons

8 PD, 8 HC; cingulate gyrus; the number of piRNAs overlapped in the brain tissue and midbrain neurons were highlighted

[166]