From: Application of engineered extracellular vesicles for targeted tumor therapy
Modification method | Source of EVs | Strategy | Drug delivery | Application | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Electrostatic interactions | HeLa cells | A complex formed by a cationic lipid and a pH-sensitive fusion peptide binds EVs through electrostatic interactions | Dextran, saponin | Targeting the cell membrane receptor to enhance cell uptake and release of EVs | [209] |
Ligand–receptor interaction | Embryonic stem cells | The DSPE-PEG2000-cRGDyK targeting peptide is prepared by chemical reaction; subsequently, the ligand is inserted into the extracellular lipid bilayer through hydrophobic interaction | PTX | Penetration of the blood–brain barrier and the targeting of glioblastoma to inhibit tumor cell activity | [210] |
Chemical reaction | Not mentioned | The coupling of EV azide lipids to target peptides using copper-free catalytic click chemistry | PTX, TPZ | Increasing the targeting of tumor tissues by EVs | [76] |
Loading peptide for EVs | Tu-EVs | Covalently linking the functional N-terminal domain of HMGN1 (N1ND) to CP05 | NA | Enhancement of the antitumor effect by increasing the ability of dendritic cells to stimulate T cells | [108] |
Loading nucleotide sequences | Liver cancer cells (HepG2 cells) | Combination of molecular recognition between aptamer nucleotide sequences and their molecular targets with aptamer-chimeric trigger | NA | EV modification and functionalization, holds promise for a wide range of biomedical and bioanalytical applications | [211] |