Fig. 3

Signaling pathways involved in the production and release of IL-6 upon SARS-CoV-2 infections [56, 57]. IL-6 can be released after activation of different pathways, including TLR7, Ang II and STAT3 signaling pathways. Several types of cells, such as NK cells and macrophages, produce more IL-6 through activation of ROS. TLR7, toll-like receptor 7; Amp, IL-6 amplifier; ADAM17, disintegrin and metalloprotease 17; Th17, helper T17; MYD88, myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; Ang II, angiotensin II; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; (Created with BioRender.com.)