Fig. 9

Effect of growth factors on heteronemin-induced anti-proliferation in human cancer cells. Growth factors bind with particular receptors and stimulate signal transduction pathways, mainly PI3K and ERK1/2. In addition, STAT3 activation involves cancer cell proliferation. The signals of growth factors may engage in crosstalk with integrin αvβ3. The working model for heteronemin suppresses the tumorigenicity of cancer cells through the inactivation of PI3K, ERK1/2, and STAT3. Heteronemin perhaps not only inhibited downstream of integrin αvβ3, ERK/MAPK pathway, but also crosstalk with growth factor receptor to suppress the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway