Table 1 In vitro experiments
Biological effects | EMF | Bio-system | Field strength | Exposure time | References # |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HSF1 activation | 60 Hz | Human HL60 cells | 0.8µT, 80µT | 20 min | [6] |
Mitochondrial activity | 50 Hz | Human SH-SY5Y | 100-μT | 24 h | [7] |
ROS production | 900 MHz | Rat astroglia | 10 V/m | 5, 10, 20 min | [8] |
Blastogenesis | 3 Hz | Human lymphocytes | 60 G | 72 h | [9] |
45Ca incorporation | 30 Hz | Human lymphocytes | 0.15 mT | [10] | |
Channel-activity | 42.25 GHz | Kidney cells | 2 mW/cm2 continuous | 20–30 min | [11] |
Voltage‐gated calcium | ELF and Microwave | Human and animal cells | Pulsed and continuous | Seconds to min | [12] |
Growth-related | 60 Hz | Human lymphoma | 10 mV/cm continuous | 1 h | [13] |
RNA synthesis | 60 Hz | HL-60 cells | 5.7 µT continuous | 20 min | [14] |
DNA synthesis | 15 Hz to 4 kHz | Human fibroblasts | 0.023–5.6 G, sinusoidal | 1,2,24 h | [15] |
DNA synthesis | 75 Hz | Human chondrocytes | 2.3 mT pulsed | 6 to 30 h | [16] |
Expression of microRNA | 75 Hz | Mononuclear cell from AD | 3 mT pulsed | 15, 30, 60 min | [17] |
Expression of microRNA | 50 Hz | Mouse GC–2 cells | 1 mT, 2 mT and 3 mT pulsed | 72 h (5 min on/10 min off) | [18] |
reduction of oxidative stress | 75 Hz | Human SH-SY5Y | 2 mT pulsed | 10 min, 4 times a week | [19] |
reduction of oxidative stress | 60 Hz | Human SH-SY5Y | 4 to 10 mT continuous | 20 min | [20] |
expression of hsp70 | 60 Hz | Human breast cells | 3 mT continuous | 1 to 3 h | [21] |
Cytoprotection | 60 Hz | Rodent cardiomyocytes | 8μT | 30 min | [22] |
Ubiquitin–proteasome system | 50 Hz | Caco 2 cells | 1 mT | 24–72 h | [23] |
Ubiquitin–proteasome system | 1.95 MHz | KB cells | 3 mW/g | 1, 2, 3 h | [24] |
Ubiquitin–proteasome system | 100 mT | Rat hippocampal cells | 100 mT continuous | 15 min | [25] |
Autophagy-lysosome systems | 75 Hz | SH-SY5Y cells | 2 mT pulsed | 1 h | [26] |
Inflammation | 27.12 MHz | Human dermal fibroblasts | 591 V/m pulsed | 30 min | [27] |
Cellular senescence | 50 MHz | Mouse fibroblasts | 0.5 W/Kg continuous | 30 min/d | [28] |
β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition | 64 MHz | Human neurons | 0.4-to 0.9 continuous | 1 h/d × 21 days | [29] |