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Fig. 2 | Journal of Biomedical Science

Fig. 2

From: Gut microenvironmental changes as a potential trigger in Parkinson’s disease through the gut–brain axis

Fig. 2

Genetic predisposition and gut microenvironmental changes collaboratively contribute to PD pathogenesis. Genetic susceptibility to PD leads to vulnerable neurons related to aberrant immune responses, abnormal protein aggregation, autophagolysosomal impairment, and mitochondrial dysfunction that together with gut microenvironmental changes attributed to intestinal stimuli (e.g., bacterial infection, exposure to pesticide or herbicide, gut dysbiosis, and altered bacterial amyloid and metabolites) contribute to PD pathogenesis

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