Fig. 4

Olaparib plus Oligo-Fucoidan is superior to monotherapy in inhibiting M2 macrophage plasticity and invasiveness. A, B THP-1 monocytes were treated with olaparib (50 μM) and/or Oligo-Fucoidan (400 μg/ml) for 48 h. The populations of CD80(+) M1 (A) and CD163(+) M2 (B) macrophages were evaluated by flow cytometry (n = 5). C Intracellular markers of M1 (iNOS and p-p38) and M2 (Arginase 1 and IL-10) macrophages were compared before and after olaparib (50 μM) treatment of THP-1 monocytes for 24 h. D, E The expression levels of M0 (F4/80), M1 (CD80, CD86) (n = 5) (D) and M2 (CD163, CD206 and TGF-β) (n = 5) (E) markers in response to the indicated treatments were evaluated by qRT–PCR. F–I THP-1 monocytes were pretreated with PMA (100 ng/ml) for 24 h and IL-4 (50 ng/ml) for another 24 h to activate differentiation of M2 macrophages. M2 invasion abilities (n = 3) (F) and the expression levels of M0 (F4/80) (n = 5) (G), M1 (CD80 and CD86) (n = 5) (H) and M2 (CD163 and CD206) (n = 5) (I) markers were analyzed after the indicated treatments for 48 h. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Duncan’s test was used to estimate statistical significance