Fig. 1

Identification of active ingredients, LGp40, from lysed L. gasseri components. a IL-12p40 levels of the sub-fraction IE1-1G1 to IE3-3G5 (sub-fractions identified on size-exclusion chromatography) stimulated mouse BMDC. b PPARγ expression of sub-fraction IE3-3G1 stimulated mouse BMDC. The production of IL-12p40 and PPARγ was detected with ELISA and Western blot assay, respectively (n = 3, *p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparison test). c The tetrameric assembly (biological assembly) of GAPDH of L. gasseri is shown (LGp40). The structure representing the tetrameric assembly of the LGp40 molecules through crystal symmetry is depicted. Individual protein subunits are represented as cartoon diagrams and painted in different colors. d The LGp40 molecule is represented as a cartoon diagram with green indicating the NAD(P)-binding domain (residues 3–156 and 321–338) and cyan indicating the C-terminal domain (residues 156–320). NAD⁺ molecules are shown as ball-and-stick models. The carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphate atoms of the NAD⁺ molecule are shown in magenta, blue, red, and orange, respectively. The covalent bonds between the atoms of the NAD⁺ molecule are shown in light gray