Fig. 6

Perturbations of central carbon metabolism by the polymyxin B/rifampicin combination. The combination significantly altered metabolite levels and gene expression associated with the TCA cycle, glycolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), with significantly changed metabolites at 0.25, 1, and 4 h shown in red. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 1 h (either upregulated or downregulated as indicated with arrows) are shown in blue. Box plots show the upper and lower quartiles (top and bottom of box), median (line within box), and the spread of data that are not outliers (whiskers). No significantly altered metabolites or DEGs were observed at 24 h with either monotherapy or the combination. Significantly changed metabolites and DEGs were identified with > 1.0 and < − 1.0 log₂FC and FDR ≤ 0.05. The figure is modified from the KEGG with reference to P. aeruginosa PAO1