Redox signaling in pathophysiology of hypertension

Table 1 Redox-sensitive intracellular signaling in different cells

Type of cell	Stimuli inducing production of ROS	Phosphorylation pathways	Transcription factors	Effects of ROS in target cells	Ref.:
Endothelial cells	Ang II	ERKs, JNKs	NFκB	Apoptosis	[45, 46]
Endothelial cells	Ang II	p38-MAPKs		Dysfunction	[45, 46]
Vascular smooth muscle cells	PDGF, phenylephrine, thrombin	MAPKs	NFκB	Proliferation	[45–47]
	Ang II	p38-MAPK	NFκB?	Hypertrophy, migration
	Ang II	PI3K/Akt
	ET-1
	Shear stress
Cardiomyocytes	Ang II	MAPKs	NFκB	Hypertrophy, inflammation, necrosis, apoptosis	[20]
	ET-1	PI3K/Akt	AP-1
	NE		p53
	Mechanical stress		p53
Central cardiovascular neurons	Ang II	p38-MAPK,	??	Increased sympathetic nerve activity, vasopressin release, drinking behavior	[43, 44, 48]
		ERK 1/2
		PLC/IP3 ?
		(or NO ?)
Cells of kidney	Ang II	MAPKs		Augmentation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, mesangial cells apoptosis, hypertrophy	[42]
	Aldosterone	ERK1/2
	Chemokines	ERK1/2

ISSN: 1423-0127